Abstract: Prejudices about old age transcend different spheres of everyday life, with eroticism and sexuality being dimensions that are socially associated with a restriction of pleasure and enjoyment, mainly due to cultural changes that restrict this stage being considered from a sexual point of view. However, the exercise of erotic-sexual capacities acquires a relevant place in life experiences, as it is related to the right to live an old age in greater plenitude. The different visions of the erotic life of this age group are produced and reproduced in the social fabric through different media, with the cinema, given its massiveness and creative capacity, being an important space for recognising the construction of representations that operate on a social level. In this regard, this documentary study addresses the eroticism of older people in contemporary Chilean cinema, describing three dominant social representations: ‘The dirty old man: conquering a young person’; ‘Old men who remember: the eroticism that comes from the past’; and ‘Old Seductresses: in search of male desire’. The representations show a greater permissiveness in terms of the expression and experience of eroticism in older men, while women’s experience is subordinated to the dominant male desire. Nevertheless, through film, it is revealed as a possibility for older women to move towards a position of greater autonomy and independence in the experience of their sexuality.

Resumen: Los prejuicios sobre la vejez trascienden distintas esferas de la cotidianeidad, siendo el erotismo y la sexualidad dimensiones que socialmente se asocian a una restricción del placer y el goce, principalmente por los cambios culturales que restringen que esta etapa sea considerada desde la sexualidad. Sin embargo, el ejercicio de las capacidades erótico-sexuales adquiere un lugar relevante en las experiencias de vida, pues se relaciona con el derecho a vivir una vejez en mayor plenitud. Las distintas visiones sobre la vida erótica de este grupo etario se producen y reproducen en el entramado social por distintos medios, siendo el cine, dada su masividad y su capacidad creativa, un espacio importante para reconocer la construcción de representaciones que operan a nivel social. Al respecto, el presente estudio documental aborda el erotismo de las personas mayores en el cine chileno contemporáneo, describiendo tres representaciones sociales dominantes: ‘El viejo verde: conquistando a una persona joven’; ‘Viejos/as que recuerdan: el erotismo que deviene del pasado’; y ‘Viejas Seductoras: en la búsqueda del deseo masculino’. Las representaciones dan cuenta de una mayor permisividad en cuanto a la expresión y vivencia del erotismo en el hombre mayor, mientras que la experiencia de las mujeres se ve supeditada al deseo masculino dominante. No obstante, a través del cine se revela como una posibilidad de vida el que las mujeres mayores puedan transitar hacia una posición de mayor autonomía e independencia para vivir su sexualidad.

Resumen Antecedentes: el uso de los inhaladores es algo complejo, con este trabajo en pacientes con EPOC debido a su complejidad, lo que se pretende es que tras la intervención de un farmacéutico se garantice el uso adecuado de dichos medicamentos con el fin de mejorar la calidad de vida. Métodos: se citaba a los pacientes para la realización de una espirometría por parte de la enfermera y por otro lado la farmacéutica en una consulta valoraba el uso de los inhaladores y realizaba los test de adherencia y calidad de vida. A los tres meses los pacientes acudían a la segunda visita y la farmacéutica repetía el mismo el proceso para detectar los posibles cambios tras la intervención. Resultados: en aquellos pacientes que acudieron a las dos visitas se observó que había cambios estadísticamente significativos entre las puntuaciones de adherencia en la primera visita respecto a la segunda. La media de puntuaciones es mayor en la segunda visita (49,09) respecto a la primera (46,45), diferencia significativa con una p<0,05. La calidad de vida era igual en ambas visitas y la media de errores en el uso de inhaladores en la segunda visita (1,773) se reduce de forma significativa respecto a la media de errores en la primera visita (4,727). Conclusiones: la intervención de un farmacéutico en un equipo multidisciplinar para el seguimiento de pacientes EPOC ha resultado beneficiosa para dichos pacientes, sobre todo en cuanto al manejo de los inhaladores y la adherencia al tratamiento.

Abstract Background: the usage of inhalers is something complex. This work with COPD patients pretends that, after the pharmacist intervention, the correct usage of these drugs is guaranteed so as to improve the quality of life. Methods: the nurse set a date to do an spirometry to the patients. On the other hand, the pharmacist assessed the usage of the inhalers and carried out the adherence and quality of life tests. Three months after, the patients came back to the consultation and the pharmacist repeated the same procedure to detect any possible change after the intervention. Results: on those patients that attended both appointments, it was seen that there were statistically significant changes between the adherence punctuation regarding both appointments. The average of punctuation is higher in the second appointment (49.09) in respect to the first one (46.45), this is a significant difference with a p<0.05. The quality of life was the same in both appointments and the errors average in the usage of inhalators in the second appointment decreased (1773) significantly in respect to the errors average in the first appointment (4727). Conclusion: the intervention of a pharmacist in a multidisciplinary team to the following of COPD patients is advantageous to these patients, mainly in relation to the usage of inhalers and the adherence to treatment.

The demand for new advanced high strength steels (AHSS) has been increasing in the last few decades. A large part of this demand comes from automotive companies. We have produced a new complex-phase (CP) steel with 1200 MPa of mechanical resistance and 8% of elongation, called CP1200. In this paper the dilatometric and microstructural characterization of a newly produced CP1200 steel is presented. The new steel was produced by making changes to the heat treatment of the already industrially available CP1100. The microstructure was quantified using light optical microscopy (LOM) and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). The microstructure of both steels was compared to identify the origin of the mechanical properties improvement. A new microstructure distribution, with higher amount of bainite and smaller concentration of ferrite and martensite was identified.

Abstract Cereus jamacaru is a cactus distributed in Northeastern Brazil, with high symbolic value to this region. However, the interaction, behavior and the role of pollinators remains poorly understood. Here, we investigate the reproductive biology, addressing the ecological significance of floral attributes, including details about floral signaling. The study was carried at three areas of the Caatinga, in 2015, 2017 and 2021. We analyzed the floral morphometry, volume and concentration of the nectar, and characterized the colour and scent of flowers. Additionally, we described the pollinator behavior and performed controlled pollination experiments. The ‘Mandacaru’ is self-incompatible, has nocturnal anthesis and the nectar is accumulated as droplets in a long hypanthial tube. The flowers have a reflective pattern with a dark outer surface and a white inner surface. (E)-nerolidol is the major component (87.4%) of its floral perfume. We registered the sphingid moth Cocytius antaeus visiting the flowers. The floral attributes, attractants and rewards drives to a sphingophily, and the pollination treatments showed the dependence to fruit set by C. antaeus, the pollinator registered. In this case, if the apparent lack of pollinator diversity encompasses its entire range, the loss of the hawkmoth could severely impact the reproductive success of the cactus.

Resumen: Objetivos: El objetivo del trabajo fue determinar la seroprevalencia de infección por Toxoplasma gondii y describir las características clínicas de la actividad lúpica en pacientes con Lupus Eritematoso Sistémico(LES) cuyas muestras se encontraban almacenadas en un biobanco de enfermedades autoinmunes y que fueron colectadas entre los años 2013 a 2015. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo, de corte transversal en pacientes con LES. Se recolectaron datos demográficos y clínicos a partir de fichas de pacientes. Se realizó la medición cuali y cuantitativa de anticuerpos IgG anti Toxoplasma gondii. Resultados: Se incluyeron en el estudio 106 pacientes con LES 88,68% del sexo femenino, cuya mediana de edad fue 31,00 años (RI: 24 - 59). La seroprevalencia de toxoplasmosis observada fue del 72,64%. El tratamien to inmunosupresor más frecuentemente utilizado fue la Hidroxicloroquina y la mayoría (76,19%) utilizó combinación de drogas. Conclusión: Se determinó la seroprevalencia de toxoplasmosis en la población de estudio, encontrándose el resultado cerca del límite superior del rango reportado en estudios realizados en pacientes reumatológicos. Esto evidencia la importancia de la realización de nuevas investigaciones en poblaciones similares y de incluir la determinación de anticuerpos IgG anti T. gondii en la rutina de estudios realizados a estos pacientes.

Abstract: Objectives: The purpose of the study was to determine the seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection and to describe the clinical characteristics of lupus activity in patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus whose samples were stored in an autoimmune disease biobank and were collected between 2013 and 2015. Methodology: A retrospective, cross-sectional study was conducted in patients with SLE. Demographic and clinical data were collected from patient charts. Qualitative and quantitative measurement of IgG anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies was performed. Results: The study included 106 patients with SLE, 88.68% female, with a median age of 31.00 years (RI: 24 - 59). The seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis was 72.64%. The most frequently used immunosuppressive treatment was Hydroxychloroquine and the majority (76.19%) used a combination of drugs. Conclusion: The seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis was determined in the study populati on, and the result was close to the upper limit of the range reported in studies performed in rheumatologic patients. This shows the importance of carrying out further research in similar populations and of including the determination of IgG anti-T. gondii antibodies in the routine studies performed in these patients.

ABSTRACT The study aimed at reducing risks in the design of a new production process for the active pharmaceutical ingredient of an immunotherapeutic produced at the Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology. The failure mode and effects analysis were conducted by a multidisciplinary team from the center. Quality risk management was applied to the technology for obtaining a recombinant protein for diagnostic use that was proposed to be transferred to Technological Development Division. The risk analyses evaluated the greatest influence on low recovery and non-compliance with the immunotherapeutic quality specifications. The potential causes of the failures were: the insufficient number of vials in cell banks, the complex culture medium with components of bovine origin, the samples handling errors by the operators, the use of inappropriate equipment, the parameters of operation (agitation, pH and conductivity) outside specification limits affecting purity due to the high percentage of contaminants from the host; as well as, the inadequate filtering medium together with an incorrect preparation of the redundant filtration system in a non-sterile product. The actions could modify the technology proposed by Biomedical Research Division that allowed the design of a new production process of a biopharmaceutical product for the treatment of chronic viral diseases.

RESUMEN El estudio expone las acciones dirigidas a la reducción de los riesgos en el diseño de un nuevo proceso de producción del ingrediente farmacéutico activo de un inmunoterapéutico producido en el Centro de Ingeniería Genética y Biotecnología. El análisis modal de fallas y efectos fue conducido por un equipo multidisciplinario del referido centro. La administración de riesgos a la calidad se aplicó a la tecnología de obtención de una proteína recombinante con uso diagnóstico que se proponía transferir a la Dirección de Desarrollo Tecnológico. El riesgo en el diseño de un nuevo proceso de producción evaluó las fallas de mayor influencia en el bajo recobrado y el incumplimiento de las especificaciones de calidad del inmunoterapéutico. Las causas potenciales de estos fallas fueron: la insuficiente cantidad de viales de los bancos de células, el medio de cultivo complejo con componentes de origen bovino, la incorrecta manipulación de las muestras por los operarios, el uso de equipamiento no adecuado, los parámetros de operación (agitación, pH y conductividad) fuera de límites de especificación con efecto sobre la pureza por el alto porcentaje de contaminantes del hospedero; así como, un medio filtrante inadecuado unido a una incorrecta preparación del sistema de filtración redundantes en un producto no estéril. Las acciones llevaron a modificaciones en la tecnología propuesta por la Dirección de Investigaciones Biomédicas que permitió el diseño de un nuevo proceso productivo para un biofarmacéutico destinado al tratamiento de enfermedades virales crónicas.

Resumen En Costa Rica se han realizado importantes avances en la promoción y la atención de personas estudiantes con alto potencial. A pesar del progreso en la legislación, persiste la dificultad para alcanzar un consenso conceptual al mantenerse diferentes definiciones y usos de los términos: alto potencial, alta dotación y talento. Además, se conservan raíces del enfoque de normalidad que insisten en privilegiar a un grupo estudiantil con procesos de identificación y con procedimientos para la optimización de sus potencialidades y de sus talentos. A partir de esta realidad se hace necesario reflexionar sobre la posibilidad de orientar acciones que garanticen una educación integral para toda la comunidad de estudiantes. Esto plantea importantes desafíos, ya que exige concebir la diversidad como una característica inherente de las personas. Como parte de la atención de esta heterogeneidad, se debe garantizar que cada persona estudiante cuente con la oportunidad de participar en procesos de evaluaciones psicopedagógicas y reciba una mediación oportuna e individualizada con personas profesionales capacitadas, desde la implementación de un currículo flexible que les permita a todos y todas lograr optimizar y expresar sus potencialidades.

Abstract In Costa Rica important advances have been made in the promotion and care of the students with high potential. Despite the legislation progress, it exists a difficulty in reaching conceptual consensus keeping different definitions and uses of the following terms: high potential, high endowment, and talent. Additionally, the roots of the normality approach that insist on privileging a student's group with identification processes and procedures for perfecting their potentialities and talents are supported. Based on this reality, the author finds necessary to consider on the possibility of redirect the existing actions in a way that guarantee education quality for the entire student's community. This creates important challenges since it requires conceiving diversity as an inherent characteristic of human beings. And, as part of the attention to this heterogeneity, it must be guaranteed that each student has the opportunity to take part in psycho-pedagogical evaluation processes and receive prompt and individualized mediation with trained professionals on the implementation of a flexible curriculum that allows everyone to perfect and express their potentialities.

Resumen Objetivo Estimar las relaciones prospectivas entre la exposición a las dimensiones de riesgos psicosociales incluidas en el COPSOQ-Istas21 y el deterioro de la salud general, la salud mental y los problemas del sueño entre personas trabajadoras residentes en España. Método Cohorte cuya línea base corresponde a la Encuesta de Riesgos Psicosociales de 2016, con una nueva medición al cabo de 1 año. Resultados Las dimensiones de capital social y de relaciones interpersonales y liderazgo, así como el conflicto trabajo-vida, se relacionaron con todas las variables de salud. Las de organización y contenido del trabajo lo hicieron especialmente con la salud mental, las exigencias cuantitativas con la salud general y las emocionales con la salud mental. Las dimensiones relacionadas con la inseguridad laboral no mostraron relación con la salud. Conclusiones Los resultados obtenidos refuerzan el papel del COPSOQ-Istas21 como un instrumento útil para la evaluación y la prevención de los riesgos psicosociales en el trabajo.

Abstract Objective To estimate the prospective relationships between exposure to psychosocial risks dimensions included in the COPSOQ-Istas21 and the deterioration of general and mental health and sleep problems among workers residing in Spain. Method Social capital and interpersonal relations and leadership dimensions, as well as work-Cohort whose baseline corresponds to the 2016 Psychosocial Risks Survey with a new measurement after one year. Results life conflict, were related to all health variables. Dimensions of work organization and job contents did it especially with the mental health, the quantitative demands with the general health and the emotional ones with the mental health. The dimensions related to job insecurity did not show relationships with health. Conclusions The results obtained reinforce the role of the COPSOQ-Istas21 as a useful instrument for the evaluation and prevention of psychosocial risks at work.

Abstract Objective To estimate the prospective relationships between exposure to psychosocial risks dimensions included in the COPSOQ-Istas21 and the deterioration of general and mental health and sleep problems among workers residing in Spain. Method Social capital and interpersonal relations and leadership dimensions, as well as work-Cohort whose baseline corresponds to the 2016 Psychosocial Risks Survey with a new measurement after one year. Results life conflict, were related to all health variables. Dimensions of work organization and job contents did it especially with the mental health, the quantitative demands with the general health and the emotional ones with the mental health. The dimensions related to job insecurity did not show relationships with health. Conclusions The results obtained reinforce the role of the COPSOQ-Istas21 as a useful instrument for the evaluation and prevention of psychosocial risks at work.

Resumen Objetivo Estimar las relaciones prospectivas entre la exposición a las dimensiones de riesgos psicosociales incluidas en el COPSOQ-Istas21 y el deterioro de la salud general, la salud mental y los problemas del sueño entre personas trabajadoras residentes en España. Método Cohorte cuya línea base corresponde a la Encuesta de Riesgos Psicosociales de 2016, con una nueva medición al cabo de 1 año. Resultados Las dimensiones de capital social y de relaciones interpersonales y liderazgo, así como el conflicto trabajo-vida, se relacionaron con todas las variables de salud. Las de organización y contenido del trabajo lo hicieron especialmente con la salud mental, las exigencias cuantitativas con la salud general y las emocionales con la salud mental. Las dimensiones relacionadas con la inseguridad laboral no mostraron relación con la salud. Conclusiones Los resultados obtenidos refuerzan el papel del COPSOQ-Istas21 como un instrumento útil para la evaluación y la prevención de los riesgos psicosociales en el trabajo.

Abstract: Framework: Over the last 20 years, the use of the Internet to replace face-to-face interviews in qualitative research has become an important resource for the production of data on illness experiences. With the recommended social isolation from COVID-19, the transition from face-to-face to online interviews conducted through virtual platforms grew and provoked reflections and necessary adaptations in the methodology. Objectives/Organization of the chapter: Based on a narrative literature review, the advantages and limitations of the online method/technique were traced, and then four examples are presented from the Narrare-COVID 19 Project, an innovative proposal for virtual sharing of narratives illness and care experiences experienced by patients, families, and professionals, produced through qualitative research with the HERG method - Health Experiences Research Group - developed by the University of Oxford. Final considerations: The four examples have a common main objective and the online interviews presented, therefore, similarities in relation to ethical care, the interview script, and the commitment of the audiovisual record, when authorized by the participant. There were differences in relation to recruitment strategies and availability of infrastructure available to respondents, with regard to access to the internet and/or the platform (Zoom® and Google Meet®). The examples illustrate and confirm the contributions and limitations of the online interviews highlighted in the narrative review.

Resumo: Enquadramento: Nos últimos 20 anos, a utilização da Internet em substituição à entrevista face a face em pesquisas qualitativas vem se tornando importante recurso de produção de dados sobre experiências de adoecimento. Com o isolamento social recomendado frente a COVID-19, a transição da forma presencial para as entrevistas online realizadas através de plataformas virtuais, cresceu e provocou reflexões e adaptações necessárias na metodologia. Objetivos/Organização do capítulo: A partir de uma revisão narrativa de literatura foram traçadas as vantagens e limitações do método/técnica online e, em seguida, são apresentados quatro exemplos a partir do Projeto Narrare-COVID 19, proposta inovadora de compartilhamento virtual de narrativas de adoecimento e experiências de cuidado vivenciadas por pacientes, familiares, e profissionais, produzidas através de pesquisa qualitativa com o método HERG - Health Experiences Research Group - desenvolvido pela Universidade de Oxford. Considerações finais: Os quatro exemplos têm um objetivo principal comum e as entrevistas online apresentaram, portanto, similaridades em relação aos cuidados éticos, ao roteiro de entrevista e ao compromisso do registro audiovisual, quando autorizado pelo participante. Houve diferenças em relação às estratégias de recrutamento e disponibilidade de infraestrutura disponível aos entrevistados, no que tange ao acesso à internet e/ou a plataforma (Zoom® e Google Meet®). Os exemplos ilustram e confirmam as contribuições e limitações das entrevistas online apontadas na revisão narrativa.

Abstract Introduction: Sugammadex is a cyclodextrin that reverses neuromuscular blockade, especially of rocuronium. The occurrence of anaphylaxis produced by its use is of 1:1000 and 1:20000; it is observed mainly in subjects of Asian origin. Case report: A 9-year-old boy of Asian origin who, after the administration of sugammadex, immediately manifested an episode of anaphylaxis, which was reverted by using adrenaline and antihistamines. The serum tryptase at two hours was 27.7 μg/L; at 6 weeks, it was 3 μ/L. The sugammadex 100 mg/mL skin test was positive. The basophil activation test was positive with sugammadex 20 mg/mL. Conclusion: The temporal relationship between the administration of the drug, the clinical manifestations, the elevation of tryptase, and the diagnostic tests performed, disclosed the episode of anaphylaxis associated with hypersensitivity to sugammadex.

Resumen Introducción: Sugammadex es una ciclodextrina que revierte el bloqueo neuromuscular, especialmente de rocuronio. La incidencia de anafilaxia producida por su uso es de 1:1.000 y 1:20.000, se observa principalmente en sujetos de origen asiático. Reporte de caso: Niño de 9 años, de raza asiática que tras la administración de sugammadex, inmediatamente manifestó un episodio de anafilaxia, la cual revirtió con el uso de adrenalina y antihistamínicos. La triptasa sérica a las 2 h fue de 27.7 μg/L; a las 6 semanas fue 3 μg/L. La prueba cutánea a sugammadex 100 mg/mL fue positiva. La prueba de activación de basófilos fue positiva con 20 mg/mL sugammadex. Conclusión: La relación temporal de la administración del medicamento, las manifestaciones clínicas, la elevación de la triptasa y las pruebas diagnósticas realizadas, identificaron el episodio de anafilaxia asociado con hipersensibilidad por sugammadex.

Resumen La determinación del equilibrio líquido-vapor de diferentes sistemas es información muy importante para la caracterización de las mezclas y los procesos de separación de estas. El equilibrio es estimado de forma experimental; sin embargo, su ejecución tiene altos costos por la precisión que se demanda en dichas pruebas. Una solución viable a la problemática planteada es el uso modelos termodinámicos que permitan obtener el equilibrio de fases. El presente artículo muestra la metodología para la estimación del equilibrio líquido-vapor de un sistema binario no ideal azeotropo, tomando como ejemplo la mezcla de acetona y cloroformo, en la herramienta software Matlab 9.0. Para dar cumplimiento al principal objetivo de la investigación, se elaboró la curva de rocío y burbuja usando la ecuación cúbica de Peng Robinson para calcular los coeficientes de fugacidad, y el modelo termodinámico de Van Laar para los coeficientes de actividad. Las curvas resultantes fueron comparadas con las curvas obtenidas experimentalmente a una temperatura de 50 °C y 35,17 °C, mostrando un buen ajuste, con errores relativos promedios inferiores a 3,9%. Adicionalmente, los resultados fueron comparados con los estimados a través del simulador de procesos químicos Aspen HYSYS y con un programa comercial (VLE Cal) alcanzando porcentajes de error promedio inferiores al 1%.

Abstract The Determination of the liquid-vapor equilibrium of different systems is very important information for the mixtures characterization and its separation processes. Equilibrium is estimated experimentally; however, its execution has high costs due to the precision demanded in said tests. A good solution to this problem is to employ thermodynamic models that allow obtaining phase equilibrium. This article shows the methodology for estimating the liquid-vapor balance of a non-ideal azeotrope binary system, taking as an example the mixture of acetone and chloroform, in the Matlab 9.0 software tool. To reach the main objective of the research, the dew and bubble curve was developed, using the cubic equation of Peng Robinson to calculate the fugacity coefficients, and the thermodynamic model of Van Laar for the activity coefficients. The resulting curves were compared with the curves obtained experimentally at a temperature of 50 °C and 35.17 °C, showing a well fit, with average relative errors of less than 3.9%. Additionally, the results were compared with those estimated through the Aspen HYSYS chemical process simulator and with a commercial program (VLE Cal), reaching average error percentages of less than 1%.

Resumo A determinação do equilíbrio líquido-vapor de diferentes sistemas é uma informação muito importante para a caracterização de misturas e seus processos de separação. O equilíbrio é estimado experimentalmente; no entanto, sua execução apresenta altos custos devido à precisão exigida nos referidos testes. Uma solução viável para o problema proposto é o uso de modelos termodinâmicos que permitem obter o equilíbrio de fases. Este artigo mostra a metodologia para estimar o equilíbrio líquido-vapor de um sistema binário azeotrópico não ideal, tomando como exemplo a mistura de acetona e clorofórmio, na ferramenta de software Matlab 9.0. Para cumprir o objetivo principal da pesquisa, foi desenvolvida a curva de orvalho e bolha, usando a equação cúbica de Peng Robinson para calcular os coeficientes de fugacidade e o modelo termodinâmico de Van Laar para os coeficientes de atividade. As curvas resultantes foram comparadas com as curvas obtidas experimentalmente a uma temperatura de 50 °C e 35,17 °C, mostrando um bom ajuste, com erros relativos médios inferiores a 3,9%. Além disso, os resultados foram comparados com os estimados através do simulador de processo químico Aspen HYSYS e com um programa comercial (VLE cal), atingindo percentuais médios de erro inferiores a 1%.

Resumen Introducción. La obesidad se considera un grave problema de salud pública y por ello se hacen esfuerzos en la búsqueda de genes como el LEP, el LEPR y el MC4R del sistema leptina-melanocortina, el cual opera en la regulación neuroendocrina de la ingestión y el equilibrio energético e influye en la patogenia de la enfermedad. Los resultados contradictorios en torno a la asociación de estos genes con la obesidad plantean la necesidad de nuevas investigaciones. Objetivo. Analizar los polimorfismos rs2167270 del gen LEP, rs1137101 del gen LEPR y rs17782313 del gen MC4R asociados con la obesidad y sus variables clínicas y bioquímicas en una muestra de pacientes adultos de Barranquilla. Materiales y métodos. Se estudiaron 111 personas obesas y 155 no obesas como controles. Los polimorfismos se determinaron mediante reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR) en tiempo real. Se tomaron las medidas antropométricas, se evaluó la presión arterial y se hicieron pruebas bioquímicas. Resultados. No se encontraron diferencias estadísticas en la frecuencia alélica y genotípica de los polimorfismos en los grupos estudiados. En cuanto a las variables clínicas y bioquímicas, el genotipo CC del polimorfismo rs17782313 del gen MC4R, se asoció con un aumento de la presión arterial sistólica y, el alelo T y su genotipo homocigoto, con una disminución del colesterol HDL en los obesos. No se evidenció ningún efecto de los otros polimorfismos en estas variables. Conclusiones. Los polimorfismos rs2167270 del gen LEP, rs1137101 del gen LEPR y rs17782313 del gen MC4R, no se asociaron con obesidad en la población analizada. Se encontró que el polimorfismo rs17782313 del gen MC4R influyó en el aumento de la presión arterial sistólica y la disminución del colesterol HDL en las personas obesas.

Abstract Introduction: Obesity is considered a serious public health problem. Efforts have been directed to search for candidate genes such as LEP, LEPR, and MC4R involved in the leptin- melanocortin system. The neuroendocrine regulation of these genes on energy intake and balance influences the pathogenesis of this disease. Contradictory results regarding the association of these genes with obesity raise the need for new research. Objective: To analyze the association between obesity and LEP rs2167270, LEPR rs1137101, and MC4R rs17782313 polymorphisms and the clinical and biochemical variables in obese adults from Barranquilla, Colombia. Materials and methods: We analyzed 111 obese adults and 155 non-obese individuals as controls. The polymorphisms were determined by real-time PCR. Besides, anthropometric measures, blood pressure, and biochemical tests were evaluated. Results: No statistical differences were found in allele and genotype frequencies of gene polymorphisms between groups. The CC genotype of MC4R rs17782313 polymorphism was associated with increased systolic blood pressure and T allele and TT genotype, with decreased HDL cholesterol in obese adults. The effect of the other polymorphisms on these variables was not evidenced. Conclusions: LEP rs2167270, LEPR rs1137101, and MC4R rs17782313 polymorphisms were not associated with obesity in the population under study. MC4R rs17782313 polymorphisms were associated with an increase in systolic blood pressure and a decrease in HDL cholesterol.

RESUMO Objetivo: Determinar os níveis plasmáticos e o comportamento farmacocinético da micafungina em pacientes tratados com oxigenação por membrana extracorpórea. Métodos: As amostras foram colhidas por meio de pontos de acesso antes e depois da membrana, em dois hospitais espanhóis de nível terciário. Os momentos para o cálculo das curvas farmacocinéticas foram antes da administração do fármaco, e 1, 3, 5, 8, 18 e 24 horas após o início da infusão nos dias 1 e 4 de tratamento. Calcularam-se a área sob a curva, a depuração do fármaco, o volume de distribuição e a meia-vida plasmática por meio de análise farmacocinética não compartimental. Resultados: Os valores farmacocinéticos analisados no primeiro e quarto dias de tratamento não mostram qualquer diferença de concentração entre amostras colhidas antes da membrana e após a membrana, e o comportamento farmacocinético foi similar na vigência de diferentes falências de órgãos. A área sob a curva antes da membrana no dia 1 foi de 62,1 (IC95% 52,8 - 73,4) e a área sob a curva após a membrana nesse mesmo dia foi de 63,4 (IC95% 52,4 - 76,7), com p = 0,625. A área sob a curva antes da membrana no dia 4 foi de 102,4 (IC95% 84,7 - 142,8), enquanto a área sob a curva após a membrana nesse mesmo dia foi de 100,9 (IC95% 78,2 - 138,8), com p = 0,843. Conclusão: Os parâmetros farmacocinéticos da micafungina não foram alterados significantemente.

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine micafungin plasma levels and pharmacokinetic behavior in patients treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Methods: The samples were taken through an access point before and after the membrane in two tertiary hospitals in Spain. The times for the calculation of pharmacokinetic curves were before the administration of the drug and 1, 3, 5, 8, 18 and 24 hours after the beginning of the infusion on days one and four. The area under the curve, drug clearance, volume of distribution and plasma half-life time with a noncompartmental pharmacokinetic data analysis were calculated. Results: The pharmacokinetics of the values analyzed on the first and fourth day of treatment did not show any concentration difference between the samples taken before the membrane (Cin) and those taken after the membrane (Cout), and the pharmacokinetic behavior was similar with different organ failures. The area under the curve (AUC) before the membrane on day 1 was 62.1 (95%CI 52.8 - 73.4) and the AUC after the membrane on this day was 63.4 (95%CI 52.4 - 76.7), p = 0.625. The AUC before the membrane on day 4 was 102.4 (95%CI 84.7 - 142.8) and the AUC was 100.9 (95%CI 78.2 - 138.8), p = 0.843. Conclusion: The pharmacokinetic parameters of micafungin were not significantly altered.